Post-Quantum Secure Boot
Vinay B. Y. Kumar1,a, Naina Gupta2,c, Anupam Chattopadhyay1,b, Michael Kasper2,d, Christoph Krauß3,e and Ruben Niederhagen3,f
1Nanyang Technological University
avinay.kumar@ntu.edu.sg
banupam@ntu.edu.sg
2Fraunhofer Singapore
cNaina.Gupta@fraunhofer.sg
dMichael.Kasper@fraunhofer.sg
3Fraunhofer SIT
eChristoph.Krauß@sit.fraunhofer.de
fRuben.Niederhagen@sit.fraunhofer.de
ABSTRACT
A secure boot protocol is fundamental to ensuring the integrity of the trusted computing base of a secure system. The use of digital signature algorithms (DSAs) based on traditional asymmetric cryptography, particularly for secure boot, leaves such systems vulnerable to the threat of quantum computers. This paper presents the first post-quantum secure boot solution, implemented fully as hardware for reasons of security and performance. In particular, this work uses the eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS), a hash-based scheme that has been specified as an IETF RFC. The solution has been integrated into a secure SoC platform around RISC-V cores and evaluated on an FPGA and is shown to be orders of magnitude faster compared to corresponding hardware/software implementations and to compare competitively with a fully hardware elliptic curve DSA based solution.
Keywords: Secure SoC, Secure boot, PQC, XMSS, RISC-V.
